Catalhoyuk: A lifestyle dedicated to the dead rather than the living

Catalhoyuk, considered the metropolis of its time, is located in a 13.5-hectare area with an approximate population of 9,000. The houses, made of clay and wood, vary in size from 12 to 70 square meters and have entrances provided through the roof. It dates back to the Neolithic period.

James Mellaart first initiated the excavations at Catalhoyuk in the 1960s and later continued by Ian Hodder in the 1990s. Despite thorough exploration, no temples or public spaces were discovered. Instead, the focal point of the settlement was a central open area known as the "midden" or "courtyard." Surprisingly, Catalhoyuk lacked a conventional street system, and access between houses was primarily facilitated via the rooftops. Life in this ancient city unfolded atop these roofs, fostering a unique sense of community and daily interaction.

The belief system of the Catalhoyuk inhabitants provides intriguing insights into their spiritual practices. The people of this ancient settlement assigned great significance, particularly to large-bodied animals such as bulls, which they domesticated later than their contemporaries. The Catalhoyuk inhabitants developed a perception of the afterlife, evident through intra and extramural burials. These burials were often adorned with objects like obsidian mirrors, which were likely intended for ceremonial purposes and were never used. Furthermore, intriguing practices were observed, including the veneration of ancestors through the adornment, painting, and modification of certain skulls. Notably, the discovery of statues depicting overweight women, which sparked debates regarding their significance, probably emphasized the importance of fertility and abundance in society. While some interpret these statues as representations of the Mother Goddess, embodying fertility and nurturing, the true symbolism behind them remains a topic of discussion among researchers.

Catalhoyuk played a pivotal role in shaping the foundations of Anatolian village life and relied heavily on agriculture for sustenance, with crops forming three-quarters of the diet. The extensive archaeological excavations at the site have unearthed a wealth of artifacts that offer glimpses into the daily lives of its ancient inhabitants. Among these findings are 25 different wicker baskets, highlighting the skillful craftsmanship of the people of Catalhoyuk. Additionally, numerous wall paintings have been discovered, depicting scenes such as ritual hunts and what is considered the earliest known landscape painting in history, as identified by James Mellaart. These artistic expressions provide valuable insights into the time's cultural practices and aesthetic sensibilities.

Recognizing its immense historical significance, Catalhoyuk was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012. Excavations and research efforts at the site continue today, with archaeologists' discoveries contributing to our understanding of ancient civilizations. Today, Catalhoyuk stands as a captivating destination for visitors, offering a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in this ancient city's rich history and archaeological wonders. Activities catering to adults and children provide a remarkable and educational experience for all who venture there.